Liquefaction. Coal liquefaction is a process of converting coal into liquid fuels or petrochemicals. There are several processes to accomplish this task. The two most common are the indirect route and the direct route [58, 59].
Petroleum gas production. For producing petroleum gas, the optimal advanced oil processing ratio is 20:5:17 (advanced oil processing : heavy oil cracking : light oil cracking), and 8:2:7 is close enough. Using coal liquefaction, the ratio is 60:39:55 (coal liquefaction : heavy oil cracking : light oil cracking), and 12:8:11 is close enough.
The liquefaction process transforms natural gas into LNG by cooling it to approximately −161° C, after which it is stored until it can be shipped on board LNG tankers to its final destination where it is regasified at the import terminal.
Therefore, while direct coal liquefaction (DCL) takes coal directly into a liquid phase, indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) consists of two major steps: (a) gasification to produce a synthesis gas (syngas); and (b) conversion of the carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2) in the syngas to a range of hydrocarbon fuels/products such as gasoline, die...
Coal liquefaction process employing fuel from a combined gasifier. Patent Schmid, B. Conversion of raw coal to distillate liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon products by solvent liquefaction in the presence of molecular hydrogen employing recycle of mineral residue is commonly performed at a higher thermal efficiency than conversion of coal to ...
4. Coal Liquefaction Coal liquefaction is the conversion of coal into a synthetic oil in order to supplement natural sources of petroleum. It is an attractive technology because 1) It is well developed and thus could be implemented fairly rapidly and 2) There are relatively large quantities of coal reserves. 5.
Pyrite addition to a coal liquefaction process (22, 26) is controlled (118) in inverse proportion to the calcium content of the feed coal to maximize the F. ( C.) liquid yield per unit weight of pyrite added (110). The pyrite addition is controlled in this manner so as to minimize the amount of pyrite used and ...
reported a twostage liquefaction process with Tanito Harum coal (Indonesian subbituminous coal) under the hydrogen pressure of 15 MPa using 10 wt% Fe10 wt% Ni catalyst supported on carbon nanoparticles. Under the optimal conditions of the two stage liquefaction: 380 °C for 15 min in the first stage and 450 °C for 105 min in the second ...
One of several direct liquefaction processes currently under advanced stages of development is the SolventRefined CoalI (SRCI) process. A major SRC1 product option is a low sulfur, low ash solid (SRC) which could be used as an electric utility boiler fuel much in the same manner that pulverized coal is currently fired in this type of combustion equipment.
coal liquefaction, any process of turning coal into liquid products resembling crude oil. The two procedures that have been most extensively evaluated are carbonization—heating coal in the absence of air—and hydrogenation—causing coal to react with hydrogen at high pressures, usually in the presence of a catalyst.
Investigation of the nonintegrated twostage coal liquefaction (NTSL) process was initiated at the Wilsonville Advanced Coal Liquefaction R and D Facility during May 1981 when the HOil hydrotreating unit came successfully online. The primary objective of this investigation is the development of a commercially feasible method of efficient ...
Coal resources have been used to produce liquid transportation fuels by several process routes collectively referred to as coal liquefaction or, more generally stated, as coal to liquids (CTL). Early records of coal conversion to liquid fuel date to 1913 and an extraction process developed by Friedrich Bergius in Germany [ 7 ].
article{osti_, title = {Novel use of residue from direct coal liquefaction process}, author = {Yang, Jianli and Wang, Zhaixia and Liu, Zhenyu and Zhang, Yuzhen}, abstractNote = {Direct coal liquefaction residue (DCLR) is, commonly, designed to be used as a feed stock for gasification or combustion. Use of DCLR as a value added product is very important for improving overall economy of ...
The DCL process produces considerably highvariety and efficient products at low temperatures compared to the indirect coal liquefaction process. Generally, Fig. 1 shows the distinct difference between the direct and indirect liquefaction processes. Importantly, DCL consists of many steps for the conversion of coal to PA (preasphaltenes) and ...
The 150t/day NEDOL coal liquefaction pilot plant (PP) has validated the superior technical features with a highly active liquefaction catalyst and hydrogen donor solvent. The operation runs without any serious trouble and was successfully executed from March 1997 to September 1998. The results were integrated as a "technical package" and the RD is transferred to a commercializing phase.
1. Introduction. Direct coal liquefaction is the technology of catalytic converting coal to clean liquid fuel through hydrocracking the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coal to small aliphatic molecules [1].It can effectively reduce the emission of industrial waste and toxic gases as well as improving the coal utilization, thereby, showing great potential for sustainable development of coal ...
the process to dissolve the coal and to transfer externally produced hydrogen to the coal molecules. Catalytic liquefaction resembles solvent extraction, except that hydrogen is added to the coal with the aid of a catalyst. Figure presents the flow diagram of a typical solvent extraction or catalytic liquefaction plant. These coal ...
Introduction. Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) is known as a clean and efficient coal utilization technology, in which solid coal could be converted into liquid fuels and high valueadded chemicals by hydrogenation. [ [1], [2], [3]] The Hdonor is an important index in DCL technology [ [4], [5], [6]]: It is considered as a medium for mass ...
Coal liquefaction technology is one of the most impactive technology to realize clean and efficient utilization of coal. In the process of indirect coal liquefaction to produce synthetic oil, a inevitable byproduct refer as indirect coal liquefaction residue (ICLR) that accounts for about 30 % of raw coal will be produced [3], [4].
•Brown Coal Liquefaction (BCL) Process NEDO •Amoco CC TSL Process •Supercritical Gas Extraction (SGE) Process British Coal •MITI Mark I and Mark II CoProcessing •Cherry P Process Osaka Gas Co. •Solvolysis CoProcessing Mitsubishi •Mobil CoProcessing
Coal liquefaction residue (CLR) is usually categorized as hazardous waste, which is inevitably generated during the coalliquefaction process. Studies show that CLR has a high calorific value and can be used to decrease coal consumption during the cofiring process. In this regard, field tests were carried out to study the emission and ...
Progress on US ERDA's coal liquefaction research and development programs is reported. This included operation of the SRC pilot plant to produce 400 tons of specification solventrefined coal, process development efforts related to the Synthoil process, site selection and engineering for the Hcoal process pilot plant, and renovation of the Cresap test facility (for testing components).
The FischerTropsch process is an important reaction in both coal liquefaction and gas to liquids technology for producing liquid hydrocarbons. In the usual implementation, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, the feedstocks for FT, are produced from coal, natural gas, or biomass in a process known as gasification.
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